To restore bash (even if unreadable): % reset To change consoles or bash shells (multi-tasking): left-[Alt] and [Up] then left [Alt] F1 - F12 to go back. To see bootup messages and hardware: % dmesg | less # Press 'q' to quit. To shutdown machine: % halt To reboot machine NOW: % shutdown -r now To view process list: % ps # processes % ps x # 'zombie' processes To kill a process: % kill -9 350 # kill process 350 To mount hda1 to dir /mnt/temp: % mount -o user /dev/hda1 /mnt/temp To mount floppy drive: % mount /dev/floppy # or % mount /dev/fd0u1440 /mnt/floppy # or % mount -t vfat /dev/fd0 /mnt/floppy To unmount floppy drive: % umount /mnt/floppy To mount CD-ROM drive: % mount /mnt/cdrom To unmount CD-ROM drive: % unmount /mnt/cdrom # Note: You cannot unmount a device from its directory. To setup CD-ROM drive: % cdset To eject CD-ROM drive: % eject To format floppy to 1.44M: % fdformat /dev/fd0u1440 To format floppy to 1.722M: % fdformat /dev/fd0u1722 # Note: fdformat only formats ~ it does not put a filesystem on it. To make FAT12 filesystem: % mkdosfs -v /dev/fd0u1440 To make FAT16 filesystem: % mkdosfs -v -F16 /dev/fd0u1440 To make FAT32 filesystem: % mkdosfs -v -F32 /dev/fd0u1440 To view libraries an application is linked to: % ldd /bin/bash # where /bin/bash is the application in question If you need to install a library in the /lib directory: % idconfig -v # to link the librarym once in /lib #---------------------------------------------------------------------------- To run a job (program) in the background, type an ampersand (&) at the end of the command. To suspend the currently running job, Ctrl-Z. To force a suspended job to run in the background, type bg. To bring a background job into the foreground, type fg . To see a list of jobs currently running (or suspended) type jobs. If you exclude the argument on these commands, it defaults to whatever job was last running in the foreground (not the one currently in the foreground). #---------------------------------------------------------------------------- Linux Kernel versions: Kernels with versions such as 2.3.x *are* experimental/developmental, as all n.odd.x are suppose to be. They are not intended as a release. Kernels with versions such as 2.2.x *are* official releases as all n.even.x versions are intended. #---------------------------------------------------------------------------- To setup PNP devices on most Linux machines: % pnpdump -c > /etc/isapnp.conf % isapnp /etc/isapnp.conf # Read docs in /usr/doc/isapnptools #---------------------------------------------------------------------------- Packages: package.i386.rpm - i386.rpm = Compiled not Source package.src.rpm - src.rpm = Source not Compiled package.deb - deb = Compiled not Source package.slp - slp = Compiled not Source To unpack x.rpm, x.deb, x.slp packages using Midnight Commander: % mc # start Midnight Commander Go to the directory where the package is located. Highlight the package you wish to install. Choose one of these options from the Menu: deb Extract (x.deb) package rpm Extract (x.rpm) package slp Extract (x.slp) package To unpack these Packages Manually: % uudeview file # decode base64 or uuencoded file % unshar file.shar # unpack shar archive % gzip -dc file.shar.gz | unshar #unpack compressed shar archive> #---------------------------------------------------------------------------- The 'pppsetup' script will connect you to your ISP via PPP. % pppsetup % ppp-go -c # initiate PPP connection % ppp-off # terminate PPP connection % ifconfig # to see if PPP is connected # ppp0 Link encap:Point-to-Point Protocol # inet addr:105.207.127.86 P-t-P:205.252.116.61 Mask:255.0.0.0 #---------------------------------------------------------------------------- Mouse Usage: # Make symbolic link to PS mouse % ln -sf /dev/psaux /dev/mouse % gpm -t help # mousetype options % gpm -t ms # Microsoft Serial Mouse % gpm -t ps2 # Microsoft ps2 Mouse % gpm -k # Kill gpm #---------------------------------------------------------------------------- chmod usage: % chmod 755 script.cgi # rwxrw-rw- 1 = x, 2 = w, 4 = r 1 = x, 2 = w, 3 = wx, 4 = r, 5 = rx, 6 = rw, 7 = rwx #----------------------------------------------------------------------------